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Ðó óÌ€Ìò òðð€1692.à0 ` àCongressional€findings€and€declaration€of€purpose€[Section€802€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€ÐtÄ` (#` (# ÐÌà  à(a)€There€is€abundant€evidence€of€the€use€of€abusive,€deceptive,€and€unfair€debt€collectionÏpractices€by€many€debt€collectors.€Abusive€debt€collection€practices€contribute€to€the€number€ofÏpersonal€bankruptcies,€to€marital€instability,€to€the€loss€of€jobs,€and€to€invasions€of€individualÏprivacy.ÌÌà  à(b)€Existing€laws€and€procedures€for€redressing€these€injuries€are€inadequate€to€protectÏconsumers.ÌÌà  à(c)€Means€other€than€misrepresentation€or€other€abusive€debt€collection€practices€areÏavailable€for€the€effective€collection€of€debts.ÌÌà  à(d)€Abusive€debt€collection€practices€are€carried€on€to€a€substantial€extent€in€interstateÏcommerce€and€through€means€and€instrumentalities€of€such€commerce.€€Even€where€abusive€debtÏcollection€practices€are€purely€intrastate€in€character,€they€nevertheless€directly€affect€interstateÏcommerce.ÌÌà  à(e)€It€is€the€purpose€of€this€subchapter€to€eliminate€abusive€debt€collection€practices€byÏdebt€collectors,€to€insure€that€those€debt€collectors€who€refrain€from€using€abusive€debt€collectionÏpractices€are€not€competitively€disadvantaged,€and€to€promote€consistent€State€action€to€protectÏconsumers€against€debt€collection€abuses.ÌÌò òðð€1692a.à0 ` àDefinitions€[Section€803€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð¬ü` (#` (# ÐÌà  àAs€used€in€this€subchapter„„ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àThe€term€"Commission"€means€the€Federal€Trade€Commission.Ð` °(#(# ÐÌà0  à(2)à ` àThe€term€"communication"€means€the€conveying€of€information€regarding€a€debtÐ 8"ˆ  Ðdirectly€or€indirectly€to€any€person€through€any€medium.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(3)à ` àThe€term€"consumer"€means€any€natural€person€obligated€or€allegedly€obligated€toÐ ü$L # Ðpay€any€debt.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(4)à ` àThe€term€"creditor"€means€any€person€who€offers€or€extends€credit€creating€a€debtÐ À'#& Ðor€to€whom€a€debt€is€owed,€but€such€term€does€not€include€any€person€to€the€extent€thatÏhe€receives€an€assignment€or€transfer€of€a€debt€in€default€solely€for€the€purpose€ofÏfacilitating€collection€of€such€debt€for€another.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(5)à ` àThe€term€"debt"€means€any€obligation€or€alleged€obligation€of€a€consumer€to€payÐ \,¬'+ Ðmoney€arising€out€of€a€transaction€in€which€the€money,€property,€insurance,€or€servicesÐ H-˜(, ÐÔ_Ôwhich€are€the€subject€of€the€transaction€are€primarily€for€personal,€family,€or€householdÏpurposes,€whether€or€not€such€obligation€has€been€reduced€to€judgment.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(6)à ` àThe€term€"debt€collector"€means€any€person€who€uses€any€instrumentality€ofÐ tÄ Ðinterstate€commerce€or€the€mails€in€any€business€the€principal€purpose€of€which€is€theÏcollection€of€any€debts,€or€who€regularly€collects€or€attempts€to€collect,€directly€orÏindirectly,€debts€owed€or€due€or€asserted€to€be€owed€or€due€another.€Notwithstanding€theÏexclusion€provided€by€clause€(F)€of€the€last€sentence€of€this€paragraph,€the€term€includesÏany€creditor€who,€in€the€process€of€collecting€his€own€debts,€uses€any€name€other€than€hisÏown€which€would€indicate€that€a€third€person€is€collecting€or€attempting€to€collect€suchÏdebts.€€For€the€purpose€of€section€1692f(6)€of€this€title,€such€term€also€includes€anyÏperson€who€uses€any€instrumentality€of€interstate€commerce€or€the€mails€in€any€businessÏthe€principal€purpose€of€which€is€the€enforcement€of€security€interests.€The€term€does€notÏinclude„„Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(A)à0` (#(#àany€officer€or€employee€of€a€creditor€while,€in€the€name€of€the€creditor,€collectingÐ „Ô  Ðdebts€for€such€creditor;Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à(B)à0` (#(#àany€person€while€acting€as€a€debt€collector€for€another€person,€both€of€whom€areÐ H˜ Ðrelated€by€common€ownership€or€affiliated€by€corporate€control,€if€the€personÏacting€as€a€debt€collector€does€so€only€for€persons€to€whom€it€is€so€related€orÏaffiliated€and€if€the€principal€business€of€such€person€is€not€the€collection€of€debts;Ð ` (#` (# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(C)à0` (#(#àany€officer€or€employee€of€the€United€States€or€any€State€to€the€extent€thatÐ ä4 Ðcollecting€or€attempting€to€collect€any€debt€is€in€the€performance€of€his€officialÏduties;Ð ` (#` (# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(D)à0` (#(#àany€person€while€serving€or€attempting€to€serve€legal€process€on€any€other€personÐ ”ä Ðin€connection€with€the€judicial€enforcement€of€any€debt;€Ð ` (#` (# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(E)à0` (#(#àany€nonprofit€organization€which,€at€the€request€of€consumers,€performs€bona€fideÐ X ¨ Ðconsumer€credit€counseling€and€assists€consumers€in€the€liquidation€of€their€debtsÏby€receiving€payments€from€such€consumers€and€distributing€such€amounts€toÏcreditors;€andÐ ` (#` (# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(F)à0` (#(#àany€person€collecting€or€attempting€to€collect€any€debt€owed€or€due€or€asserted€toÐ ô$D # Ðbe€owed€or€due€another€to€the€extent€such€activity€(i)€is€incidental€to€a€bona€fideÏfiduciary€obligation€or€a€bona€fide€escrow€arrangement;€(ii)€concerns€a€debt€whichÏwas€originated€by€such€person;€(iii)€concerns€a€debt€which€was€not€in€default€atÏthe€time€it€was€obtained€by€such€person;€or€(iv)€concerns€a€debt€obtained€by€suchÏperson€as€a€secured€party€in€a€commercial€credit€transaction€involving€the€creditor.Ð ` (#` (# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(G)à0` (#(#àÔ_ÔRedesignatedÔ_Ô€(F).Ðh+¸&*` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à(7)à ` àThe€term€"location€information"€means€a€consumer's€place€of€abode€and€hisÐ @-(, Ðtelephone€number€at€such€place,€or€his€place€of€employment.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(8)à ` àThe€term€"State"€means€any€State,€territory,€or€possession€of€the€United€States,€theÐ ˆØ ÐDistrict€of€Columbia,€the€Commonwealth€of€Puerto€Rico,€or€any€political€subdivision€ofÏany€of€the€foregoing.Ð (#(# ÐÌò òññà  àññðð€1692b.à0 ` àAcquisition€of€location€information€[Section€804€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð8 ˆ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àAny€debt€collector€communicating€with€any€person€other€than€the€consumer€for€theÏpurpose€of€acquiring€location€information€about€the€consumer€shall„„ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àidentify€himself,€state€that€he€is€confirming€or€correcting€location€informationÐ Ø(  Ðconcerning€the€consumer,€and,€only€if€expressly€requested,€identify€his€employer;Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(2)à ` ànot€state€that€such€consumer€owes€any€debt;Мì (#(# ÐÌà0  à(3)à ` ànot€communicate€with€any€such€person€more€than€once€unless€requested€to€do€soÐ tÄ Ðby€such€person€or€unless€the€debt€collector€reasonably€believes€that€the€earlier€response€ofÏsuch€person€is€erroneous€or€incomplete€and€that€such€person€now€has€correct€or€completeÏlocation€information;Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(4)à ` ànot€communicate€by€post€card;Ð`(#(# ÐÌà0  à(5)à ` ànot€use€any€language€or€symbol€on€any€envelope€or€in€the€contents€of€anyÐ è8 Ðcommunication€effected€by€the€mails€or€telegram€that€indicates€that€the€debt€collector€isÏin€the€debt€collection€business€or€that€the€communication€relates€to€the€collection€of€aÏdebt;€andÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à(6)à ` àafter€the€debt€collector€knows€the€consumer€is€represented€by€an€attorney€withÐ „Ô Ðregard€to€the€subject€debt€and€has€knowledge€of,€or€can€readily€ascertain,€such€attorney'sÏname€and€address,€not€communicate€with€any€person€other€than€that€attorney,€unless€theÏattorney€fails€to€respond€within€a€reasonable€period€of€time€to€communication€from€theÏdebt€collector.Ð (#(# ÐÌò òññà  àññðð€1692c.à0 ` àCommunication€in€connection€with€debt€collection€[Section€805€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð $\"` (#` (# ÐÌà  à(a)€ò òCommunication€with€the€consumer€generallyó ó„„Without€the€prior€consent€of€theÐ è%8!$ Ðconsumer€given€directly€to€the€debt€collector€or€the€express€permission€of€a€court€of€competentÏjurisdiction,€a€debt€collector€may€not€communicate€with€a€consumer€in€connection€with€theÏcollection€of€any€debt„„ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àat€any€unusual€time€or€place€or€a€time€or€place€known€or€which€should€be€knownÐ ˆ*Ø%) Ðto€be€inconvenient€to€the€consumer.€In€the€absence€of€knowledge€of€circumstances€to€theÏcontrary,€a€debt€collector€shall€assume€that€the€convenient€time€for€communicating€with€aÏconsumer€is€after€8€o'clock€Ô_ÔantimeridianÔ_Ô€and€before€9€o'clock€postmeridian,€local€time€atÐ L-œ(, Ðthe€consumer's€location;Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(2)à ` àif€the€debt€collector€knows€the€consumer€is€represented€by€an€attorney€withÐ ˆØ Ðrespect€to€such€debt€and€has€knowledge€of,€or€can€readily€ascertain,€such€attorney's€nameÏand€address,€unless€the€attorney€fails€to€respond€within€a€reasonable€period€of€time€to€aÏcommunication€from€the€debt€collector€or€unless€the€attorney€consents€to€directÏcommunication€with€the€consumer;€orÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à(3)à ` àat€the€consumer's€place€of€employment€if€the€debt€collector€knows€or€has€reason€toÐ  ` Ðknow€that€the€consumer's€employer€prohibits€the€consumer€from€receiving€suchÏcommunication.Ð (#(# Ѐ€Ìà  à(b)€ò òCommunication€with€third€partiesó ó„„Except€as€provided€in€section€1692b€of€thisÐ À  Ðtitle,€without€the€prior€consent€of€the€consumer€given€directly€to€the€debt€collector,€or€the€expressÏpermission€of€a€court€of€competent€jurisdiction,€or€as€reasonably€necessary€to€effectuate€aÏÔ_ÔpostjudgmentÔ_Ô€judicial€remedy,€a€debt€collector€may€not€communicate,€in€connection€with€theÏcollection€of€any€debt,€with€any€person€other€than€the€consumer,€his€attorney,€a€consumerÏreporting€agency€if€otherwise€permitted€by€law,€the€creditor,€the€attorney€of€the€creditor,€or€theÏattorney€of€the€debt€collector.ÌÌà  à(c)€ò òCeasing€communicationó ó„„If€a€consumer€notifies€a€debt€collector€in€writing€that€theÐ $t Ðconsumer€refuses€to€pay€a€debt€or€that€the€consumer€wishes€the€debt€collector€to€cease€furtherÏcommunication€with€the€consumer,€the€debt€collector€shall€not€communicate€further€with€theÏconsumer€with€respect€to€such€debt,€except„„ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àto€advise€the€consumer€that€the€debt€collector's€further€efforts€are€beingÐ Ä Ðterminated;Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(2)à ` àto€notify€the€consumer€that€the€debt€collector€or€creditor€may€invoke€specifiedÐ ˆØ Ðremedies€which€are€ordinarily€invoked€by€such€debt€collector€or€creditor;€orÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à(3)à ` àwhere€applicable,€to€notify€the€consumer€that€the€debt€collector€or€creditor€intendsÐ L!œ Ðto€invoke€a€specified€remedy.€Ð (#(# ÐÌIf€such€notice€from€the€consumer€is€made€by€mail,€notification€shall€be€complete€upon€receipt.ÌÌà  à(d)€ò òDefinitionsó ó„„For€the€purpose€of€this€section,€the€term€"consumer"€includes€theÐ è%8!$ Ðconsumer's€spouse,€parent€(if€the€consumer€is€a€minor),€guardian,€executor,€or€administrator.ÌÌÔ_Ôò òññà  àññððÔ_Ô€1692d.à0 ` àHarassment€or€abuse€[Section€806€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð°($'` (#` (# ÐÌà  àA€debt€collector€may€not€engage€in€any€conduct€the€natural€consequence€of€which€is€toÏharass,€oppress,€or€abuse€any€person€in€connection€with€the€collection€of€a€debt.€€WithoutÏlimiting€the€general€application€of€the€foregoing,€the€following€conduct€is€a€violation€of€thisÏsection:Ð P- (, Їà0  à(1)à ` àThe€use€or€threat€of€use€of€violence€or€other€criminal€means€to€harm€the€physicalÐ ° Ðperson,€reputation,€or€property€of€any€person.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(2)à ` àThe€use€of€obscene€or€profane€language€or€language€the€natural€consequence€ofÐ tÄ Ðwhich€is€to€abuse€the€hearer€or€reader.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(3)à ` àThe€publication€of€a€list€of€consumers€who€allegedly€refuse€to€pay€debts,€except€toÐ 8 ˆ Ða€consumer€reporting€agency€or€to€persons€meeting€the€requirements€of€section€1681a(f)Ïor€1681b(3)€of€this€title.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(4)à ` àThe€advertisement€for€sale€of€any€debt€to€coerce€payment€of€the€debt.Ðè 8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à(5)à ` àCausing€a€telephone€to€ring€or€engaging€any€person€in€telephone€conversationÐ À  Ðrepeatedly€or€continuously€with€intent€to€annoy,€abuse,€or€harass€any€person€at€the€calledÏnumber.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(6)à ` àExcept€as€provided€in€section€1692b€of€this€title,€the€placement€of€telephone€callsÐ pÀ Ðwithout€meaningful€disclosure€of€the€caller's€identity.Ð (#(# ÐÌò òññà  àññðð€1692e.à0 ` àFalse€or€misleading€representations€[Section€807€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð4„` (#` (# ÐÌà  àA€debt€collector€may€not€use€any€false,€deceptive,€or€misleading€representation€or€meansÏin€connection€with€the€collection€of€any€debt.€€Without€limiting€the€general€application€of€theÏforegoing,€the€following€conduct€is€a€violation€of€this€section:ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àThe€false€representation€or€implication€that€the€debt€collector€is€vouched€for,Ð À Ðbonded€by,€or€affiliated€with€the€United€States€or€any€State,€including€the€use€of€anyÏbadge,€uniform,€or€facsimile€thereof.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(2)à ` àThe€false€representation€of„„ÐpÀ(#(# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(A)à0` (#(#àthe€character,€amount,€or€legal€status€of€any€debt;€or€€€ÐH!˜` (#` (# Ðà0  à(B)à0` (#(#àany€services€rendered€or€compensation€which€may€be€lawfully€received€by€anyÐ 4"„  Ðdebt€collector€for€the€collection€of€a€debt.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à(3)à ` àThe€false€representation€or€implication€that€any€individual€is€an€attorney€or€thatÐ ø$H # Ðany€communication€is€from€an€attorney.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(4)à ` àThe€representation€or€implication€that€nonpayment€of€any€debt€will€result€in€theÐ ¼' #& Ðarrest€or€imprisonment€of€any€person€or€the€seizure,€garnishment,€attachment,€or€sale€ofÏany€property€or€wages€of€any€person€unless€such€action€is€lawful€and€the€debt€collector€orÏcreditor€intends€to€take€such€action.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(5)à ` àThe€threat€to€take€any€action€that€cannot€legally€be€taken€or€that€is€not€intended€toÐ X,¨'+ Ðbe€taken.ÐD-”(,(#(# ÐÔ_Ô‡à0  à(6)à ` àThe€false€representation€or€implication€that€a€sale,€referral,€or€other€transfer€of€anyÐ ° Ðinterest€in€a€debt€shall€cause€the€consumer€to„„Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(A)à0` (#(#àlose€any€claim€or€defense€to€payment€of€the€debt;€or€€€€ÐtÄ` (#` (# Ðà0  à(B)à0` (#(#àbecome€subject€to€any€practice€prohibited€by€this€subchapter.Ð`°` (#` (# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(7)à ` àThe€false€representation€or€implication€that€the€consumer€committed€any€crime€orÐ 8 ˆ Ðother€conduct€in€order€to€disgrace€the€consumer.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(8)à ` àCommunicating€or€threatening€to€communicate€to€any€person€credit€informationÐ ü L  Ðwhich€is€known€or€which€should€be€known€to€be€false,€including€the€failure€toÏcommunicate€that€a€disputed€debt€is€disputed.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(9)à ` àThe€use€or€distribution€of€any€written€communication€which€simulates€or€is€falselyÐ ¬ü  Ðrepresented€to€be€a€document€authorized,€issued,€or€approved€by€any€court,€official,€orÏagency€of€the€United€States€or€any€State,€or€which€creates€a€false€impression€as€to€itsÏsource,€authorization,€or€approval.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(10)à ` àThe€use€of€any€false€representation€or€deceptive€means€to€collect€or€attempt€toÐ H˜ Ðcollect€any€debt€or€to€obtain€information€concerning€a€consumer.Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  àòò(11)€The€failure€to€disclose€in€the€initial€written€communication€€with€the€consumer€and,Ð  \ Ðin€addition,€if€the€initial€communication€with€the€consumer€is€oral,€in€that€initial€oralÏcommunication,€that€the€debt€collector€is€attempting€to€collect€a€debt€and€that€anyÏinformation€obtained€will€be€used€for€that€purpose,€and€the€failure€to€disclose€inÏsubsequent€communications€that€the€communication€is€from€a€debt€collector,€except€thatÏthis€paragraph€shall€not€apply€to€a€formal€pleading€made€in€connection€with€a€legalÏaction.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ[As€amended,€P.L.€No.€104„208,€the€Omnibus€Consolidated€Appropriations€Act€of€1996€ðð€2305Ï(September€30,€1996)]ÌÌà0  àEFFECTIVE€DATE:€The€amendment€shall€take€effect€90€days€after€the€date€of€enactmentÏand€shall€apply€to€all€communications€made€after€that€date€of€enactment.€P.L.€No.€104„¼208,€ðð€2305(b)€(Sept.€30,€1996)]óóÐ$X"(#(# ÐòòóóÌÌà0  à(11)à ` àExcept€as€otherwise€provided€for€communications€to€acquire€location€informationÐ Ì&"% Ðunder€section€1692b€of€this€title,€the€failure€to€disclose€clearly€in€all€communicationsÏmade€to€collect€a€debt€or€to€obtain€information€about€a€consumer,€that€the€debt€collector€isÏattempting€to€collect€a€debt€and€that€any€information€obtained€will€be€used€for€thatÏpurpose.Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(12)à ` àThe€false€representation€or€implication€that€accounts€have€been€turned€over€toÐ T,¤'+ Ðinnocent€purchasers€for€Ô_Ôvalue.Ð@-(,(#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(13)à ` àThe€false€representation€or€implication€that€documents€are€legal€process.Мì(#(# ÐÌà0  à(14)à ` àThe€use€of€any€business,€company,€or€organization€name€other€than€the€true€nameÐ tÄ Ðof€the€debt€collector's€business,€company,€or€organization.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(15)à ` àThe€false€representation€or€implication€that€documents€are€not€legal€process€formsÐ 8 ˆ Ðor€do€not€require€action€by€the€consumer.Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(16)à ` àThe€false€representation€or€implication€that€a€debt€collector€operates€or€isÐ ü L  Ðemployed€by€a€consumer€reporting€agency€as€defined€by€section€1681a(f)€of€this€title.Ð (#(# ÐÌò òññà  àññðð€1692f.à0 ` àUnfair€practices€[Section€808€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€ÐÀ ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àA€debt€collector€may€not€use€unfair€or€unconscionable€means€to€collect€or€attempt€toÏcollect€any€debt.€Without€limiting€the€general€application€of€the€foregoing,€the€following€conductÏis€a€violation€of€this€section:ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àThe€collection€of€any€amount€(including€any€interest,€fee,€charge,€or€expenseÐ Lœ Ðincidental€to€the€principal€obligation)€unless€such€amount€is€expressly€authorized€by€theÏagreement€creating€the€debt€or€permitted€by€law.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à(2)à ` àThe€acceptance€by€a€debt€collector€from€any€person€of€a€check€or€other€paymentÐ üL Ðinstrument€postdated€by€more€than€five€days€unless€such€person€is€notified€in€writing€ofÏthe€debt€collector's€intent€to€deposit€such€check€or€instrument€not€more€than€ten€nor€lessÏthan€three€business€days€prior€to€such€deposit.Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(3)à ` àThe€solicitation€by€a€debt€collector€of€any€postdated€check€or€other€postdatedÐ ˜è Ðpayment€instrument€for€the€purpose€of€threatening€or€instituting€criminal€prosecution.Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(4)à ` àDepositing€or€threatening€to€deposit€any€postdated€check€or€other€postdatedÐ \ ¬ Ðpayment€instrument€prior€to€the€date€on€such€check€or€instrument.Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(5)à ` àCausing€charges€to€be€made€to€any€person€for€communications€by€concealment€ofÐ  #p! Ðthe€true€purpose€of€the€communication.€Such€charges€include,€but€are€not€limited€to,Ïcollect€telephone€calls€and€telegram€fees.Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(6)à ` àTaking€or€threatening€to€take€any€Ô_ÔnonjudicialÔ_Ô€action€to€effect€dispossession€orÐ Ð& "% Ðdisablement€of€property€if„„Ð (#(# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(A)à0` (#(#àthere€is€no€present€right€to€possession€of€the€property€claimed€as€collateral€throughÐ ”)ä$( Ðan€enforceable€security€interest;Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à(B)à0` (#(#àthere€is€no€present€intention€to€take€possession€of€the€property;€orÐX,¨'+` (#` (# Ѐ€€€Ð D-”(, Ðà0  à(C)à0` (#(#àthe€property€is€exempt€by€law€from€such€dispossession€or€disablement.а` (#` (# Ѐ€Ìà0  à(7)à ` àCommunicating€with€a€consumer€regarding€a€debt€by€post€card.ЈØ(#(# Ѐ€Ìà0  à(8)à ` àUsing€any€language€or€symbol,€other€than€the€debt€collector's€address,€on€anyÐ `° Ðenvelope€when€communicating€with€a€consumer€by€use€of€the€mails€or€by€telegram,Ïexcept€that€a€debt€collector€may€use€his€business€name€if€such€name€does€not€indicate€thatÏhe€is€in€the€debt€collection€business.Ð (#(# ÐÌò òðð€1692g.à0 ` àValidation€of€debts€[Section€809€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ðü L ` (#` (# ЀÌÔ_Ôò òñ7ñÓ  Óñ7ñNoticeÔ_Ô€of€debt;€contentsó óÐ Ø(  Ðñ7ñÓZÓñ7ñÌà  à(a)€Within€five€days€after€the€initial€communication€with€a€consumer€in€connection€withÏthe€collection€of€any€debt,€a€debt€collector€shall,€unless€the€following€information€is€contained€inÏthe€initial€communication€or€the€consumer€has€paid€the€debt,€send€the€consumer€a€written€noticeÏcontaining„„ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àthe€amount€of€the€debt;ÐLœ(#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(2)à ` àthe€name€of€the€creditor€to€whom€the€debt€is€owed;Ð$t(#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(3)à ` àa€statement€that€unless€the€consumer,€within€thirty€days€after€receipt€of€the€notice,Ð üL Ðdisputes€the€validity€of€the€debt,€or€any€portion€thereof,€the€debt€will€be€assumed€to€beÏvalid€by€the€debt€collector;Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(4)à ` àa€statement€that€if€the€consumer€notifies€the€debt€collector€in€writing€within€theÐ ¬ü Ðthirty„day€period€that€the€debt,€or€any€portion€thereof,€is€disputed,€the€debt€collector€willÏobtain€verification€of€the€debt€or€a€copy€of€a€judgment€against€the€consumer€and€a€copy€ofÏsuch€verification€or€judgment€will€be€mailed€to€the€consumer€by€the€debt€collector;€andÐ (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(5)à ` àa€statement€that,€upon€the€consumer's€written€request€within€the€thirty„day€period,Ð H!˜ Ðthe€debt€collector€will€provide€the€consumer€with€the€name€and€address€of€the€originalÏcreditor,€if€different€from€the€current€creditor.Ð (#(# Ѐ€Ìò òñ6ñÓ  Óñ6ñDisputed€debtsó óÐ ø$H # Ðñ6ñÓ]`Óñ6ñÌà  à(b)€If€the€consumer€notifies€the€debt€collector€in€writing€within€the€thirty„day€periodÏdescribed€in€subsection€(a)€of€this€section€that€the€debt,€or€any€portion€thereof,€is€disputed,€or€thatÏthe€consumer€requests€the€name€and€address€of€the€original€creditor,€the€debt€collector€shall€ceaseÏcollection€of€the€debt,€or€any€disputed€portion€thereof,€until€the€debt€collector€obtains€verificationÏof€the€debt€or€a€copy€of€a€judgment,€or€the€name€and€address€of€the€original€creditor,€and€a€copyÏof€such€verification€or€judgment,€or€name€and€address€of€the€original€creditor,€is€mailed€to€theÏconsumer€by€the€debt€collector.ÌÐ D-”(, Ðò òñ5ñÓ  Óñ5ñAdmission€of€liabilityÐ ° Ðó óñ5ñÓHcÓñ5ñÌà  à(c)€The€failure€of€a€consumer€to€dispute€the€validity€of€a€debt€under€this€section€may€notÏbe€construed€by€any€court€as€an€admission€of€liability€by€the€consumer.ÌÌò òðð€1692h.à0 ` àMultiple€debts€[Section€810€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€ÐL œ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àIf€any€consumer€owes€multiple€debts€and€makes€any€single€payment€to€any€debt€collectorÏwith€respect€to€such€debts,€such€debt€collector€may€not€apply€such€payment€to€any€debt€which€isÏdisputed€by€the€consumer€and,€where€applicable,€shall€apply€such€payment€in€accordance€with€theÏconsumer's€directions.ÌÌò òðð€1692i.à0 ` àLegal€actions€by€debt€collectors€[Section€811€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€ÐÄ ` (#` (# ÐÌà  à(a)€Any€debt€collector€who€brings€any€legal€action€on€a€debt€against€any€consumer€shall„„ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àin€the€case€of€an€action€to€enforce€an€interest€in€real€property€securing€theÐ xÈ Ðconsumer's€obligation,€bring€such€action€only€in€a€judicial€district€or€similar€legal€entity€inÏwhich€such€real€property€is€located;€orÐ (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(2)à ` àin€the€case€of€an€action€not€described€in€paragraph€(1),€bring€such€action€only€inÐ (x Ðthe€judicial€district€or€similar€legal€entity„„Ð (#(# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(A)à0` (#(#àin€which€such€consumer€signed€the€contract€sued€upon;€or€€Ðì<` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à(B)à0` (#(#àin€which€such€consumer€resides€at€the€commencement€of€the€action.ÐÄ` (#` (# Ѐ€Ìà  à(b)€Nothing€in€this€subchapter€shall€be€construed€to€authorize€the€bringing€of€legal€actionsÏby€debt€collectors.ÌÌò òðð€1692j.à0 ` àFurnishing€certain€deceptive€forms€[Section€812€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð` °` (#` (# ÐÌà  à(a)€It€is€unlawful€to€design,€compile,€and€furnish€any€form€knowing€that€such€form€wouldÏbe€used€to€create€the€false€belief€in€a€consumer€that€a€person€other€than€the€creditor€of€suchÏconsumer€is€participating€in€the€collection€of€or€in€an€attempt€to€collect€a€debt€such€consumerÏallegedly€owes€such€creditor,€when€in€fact€such€person€is€not€so€participating.ÌÌà  à(b)€Any€person€who€violates€this€section€shall€be€liable€to€the€same€extent€and€in€the€sameÏmanner€as€a€debt€collector€is€liable€under€section€1692k€of€this€title€for€failure€to€comply€with€aÏprovision€of€this€subchapter.ÌÌò òðð€1692k.à0 ` àCivil€liability€[Section€813€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ðˆ*Ø%)` (#` (# ÐÌò òñ1ñÓ  Óñ1ñAmount€of€damagesó óÐ d,´'+ Ðñ1ñÓømÓñ1ñÐ P- (, Ðà  à(a)€Except€as€otherwise€provided€by€this€section,€any€debt€collector€who€fails€to€complyÏwith€any€provision€of€this€subchapter€with€respect€to€any€person€is€liable€to€such€person€in€anÏamount€equal€to€the€sum€of„„ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àany€actual€damage€sustained€by€such€person€as€a€result€of€such€failure;Ð`°(#(# Ѐ€Ìà0  à(2)(A)à0` (#(#àin€the€case€of€any€action€by€an€individual,€such€additional€damages€as€the€courtÐ 8 ˆ Ðmay€allow,€but€not€exceeding€$1,000;€orÐ ` (#` (# Ѐ€€€Ìà0  à(B)à0` (#(#àin€the€case€of€a€class€action,€(i)€such€amount€for€each€named€plaintiff€as€could€beÐ ü L  Ðrecovered€under€subparagraph€(A),€and€(ii)€such€amount€as€the€court€may€allowÏfor€all€other€class€members,€without€regard€to€a€minimum€individual€recovery,€notÏto€exceed€the€lesser€of€$500,000€or€1€per€Ô_ÔcentumÔ_Ô€of€the€net€worth€of€the€debtÏcollector;€andÐ ` (#` (# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(3)à ` àin€the€case€of€any€successful€action€to€enforce€the€foregoing€liability,€the€costs€ofÐ „Ô  Ðthe€action,€together€with€a€reasonable€attorney's€fee€as€determined€by€the€court.€€On€aÏfinding€by€the€court€that€an€action€under€this€section€was€brought€in€bad€faith€and€for€theÏpurpose€of€harassment,€the€court€may€award€to€the€defendant€attorney's€fees€reasonable€inÏrelation€to€the€work€expended€and€costs.Ð (#(# Ѐ€Ìò òñ0ñÓ  Óñ0ñFactors€considered€by€courtó óÐ  \ Ðñ0ñÓOtÓñ0ñÌà  à(b)€In€determining€the€amount€of€liability€in€any€action€under€subsection€(a),€the€courtÏshall€consider,€among€other€relevant€factors„„ÌÌà0  à(1)à ` àin€any€individual€action€under€subsection€(a)(2)(A),€the€frequency€and€persistenceÐ ¨ø Ðof€noncompliance€by€the€debt€collector,€the€nature€of€such€noncompliance,€and€the€extentÏto€which€such€noncompliance€was€intentional;€orÐ (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(2)à ` àin€any€class€action€under€subsection€(a)(2)(B)€of€this€section,€the€frequency€andÐ X ¨ Ðpersistence€of€noncompliance€by€the€debt€collector,€the€nature€of€such€noncompliance,€theÏresources€of€the€debt€collector,€the€number€of€persons€adversely€affected,€and€the€extentÏto€which€the€debt€collector's€noncompliance€was€intentional.Ð (#(# Ѐ€Ìò òñ/ñÓ  Óñ/ñIntentó óÐ ô$D # Ðñ/ñÓxÓñ/ñÌà  à(c)€A€debt€collector€may€not€be€held€liable€in€any€action€brought€under€this€subchapter€ifÏthe€debt€collector€shows€by€a€preponderance€of€evidence€that€the€violation€was€not€intentionalÏand€resulted€from€a€bona€fide€error€notwithstanding€the€maintenance€of€procedures€reasonablyÏadapted€to€avoid€any€such€error.ÌÌò òñ.ñÓ  Óñ.ñJurisdictionó óÐ h+¸&* Ðñ.ñÓÔyÓñ.ñÌà  à(d)€An€action€to€enforce€any€liability€created€by€this€subchapter€may€be€brought€in€anyÐ @-(, Ðappropriate€United€States€district€court€without€regard€to€the€amount€in€controversy,€or€in€anyÏother€court€of€competent€jurisdiction,€within€one€year€from€the€date€on€which€the€violationÏoccurs.ÌÌñ+ñà@OOìàñ+ñò òñ-ñÓ  Óñ-ñAdvisory€opinions€of€Commissionó óÐ `° Ðñ-ñÓ…{Óñ-ñÌà  à(e)€No€provision€of€this€section€imposing€any€liability€shall€apply€to€any€act€done€orÏomitted€in€good€faith€in€conformity€with€any€advisory€opinion€of€the€Commission,Ïnotwithstanding€that€after€such€act€or€omission€has€occurred,€such€opinion€is€amended,€rescinded,Ïor€determined€by€judicial€or€other€authority€to€be€invalid€for€any€reason.ÌÌò òñ,ñà  àñ,ñðð€1692òòlóó.à0 ` àAdministrative€enforcement€[Section€814€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€ÐÔ$ ` (#` (# ÐÌà@aaìàò òFederal€Trade€Commissionó óˆÐ °  ÐÌà  à(a)€Compliance€with€this€subchapter€shall€be€enforced€by€the€Commission,€except€to€theÏextent€that€enforcement€of€the€requirements€imposed€under€this€subchapter€is€specificallyÏcommitted€to€another€agency€under€subsection€(b)€of€this€section.€For€purpose€of€the€exercise€byÏthe€Commission€of€its€functions€and€powers€under€the€Federal€Trade€Commission€Act,€aÏviolation€of€this€subchapter€shall€be€deemed€an€unfair€or€deceptive€act€or€practice€in€violation€ofÏthat€Act.€€All€of€the€functions€and€powers€of€the€Commission€under€the€Federal€TradeÏCommission€Act€€are€available€to€the€Commission€to€enforce€compliance€by€any€person€with€thisÏsubchapter,€irrespective€of€whether€that€person€is€engaged€in€commerce€or€meets€any€otherÏjurisdictional€tests€in€the€Federal€Trade€Commission€Act,€including€the€power€to€enforce€theÏprovisions€of€this€subchapter€in€the€same€manner€as€if€the€violation€had€been€a€violation€of€aÏFederal€Trade€Commission€trade€regulation€rule.ÌÌà@00ìàò òApplicable€provisions€of€lawó óˆÐ ˜è ÐÌà  à(b)€Compliance€with€any€requirements€imposed€under€this€subchapter€shall€be€enforcedÏunder„„Ì€€€€Ìà0  à(1)à ` àsection€8€of€the€Federal€Deposit€Insurance€Act,€in€the€case€of„„Ð4"„ (#(# ÐÌà0  à(A)à0` (#(#ànational€banks,€and€Federal€branches€and€Federal€agencies€of€foreign€banks,€byÐ  $\" Ðthe€Office€of€the€Comptroller€of€the€Currency;Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à(B)à0` (#(#àmember€banks€of€the€Federal€Reserve€System€(other€than€national€banks),Ð Ð& "% Ðbranches€and€agencies€of€foreign€banks€(other€than€Federal€branches,€FederalÏagencies,€and€insured€State€branches€of€foreign€banks),€commercial€lendingÏcompanies€owned€or€controlled€by€foreign€banks,€and€organizations€operatingÏunder€section€25€or€25(a)€of€the€Federal€Reserve€Act,€by€the€Board€of€GovernorsÏof€the€Federal€Reserve€System;€andÐ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à(C)à0` (#(#àbanks€insured€by€the€Federal€Deposit€Insurance€Corporation€(other€than€membersÐ D-”(, Ðof€the€Federal€Reserve€System)€and€insured€State€branches€of€foreign€banks,€byÏthe€Board€of€Directors€of€the€Federal€Deposit€Insurance€Corporation;€€€€Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à(2)à ` àsection€8€of€the€Federal€Deposit€Insurance€Act,€by€the€Director€of€the€Office€ofÐ tÄ ÐThrift€Supervision,€in€the€case€of€a€savings€association€the€deposits€of€which€are€insuredÏby€the€Federal€Deposit€Insurance€Corporation;Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(3)à ` àthe€Federal€Credit€Union€Act,€by€the€National€Credit€Union€Administration€withÐ $ t Ðrespect€to€any€Federal€credit€union;Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(4)à ` àsubtitle€IV€of€Title€49,€by€the€Secretary€of€Transportation€with€respect€to€allÐ è 8  Ðcarriers€subject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Surface€Transportation€Board;Ð (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(5)à ` àthe€Federal€Aviation€Act€of€1958,€by€the€Secretary€of€Transportation€with€respectÐ ¬ü  Ðto€any€air€carrier€or€any€foreign€air€carrier€subject€to€that€Act;€andÐ (#(# Ѐ€€Ìà0  à(6)à ` àthe€Packers€and€Stockyards€Act,€1921€(except€as€provided€in€section€406€of€thatÐ pÀ ÐAct),€by€the€Secretary€of€Agriculture€with€respect€to€any€activities€subject€to€that€Act.Ð (#(# ÐÌThe€terms€used€in€paragraph€(1)€that€are€not€defined€in€this€subchapter€or€otherwise€defined€inÏsection€3(s)€of€the€Federal€Deposit€Insurance€Act€(12€U.S.C.€1813(s))€shall€have€the€meaningÏgiven€to€them€in€section€1(b)€of€the€International€Banking€Act€of€1978€(12€U.S.C.€3101).ÌÌà@ee$ìàò òAgency€powersó óˆÐ ä4 ÐÌà  à(c)€For€the€purpose€of€the€exercise€by€any€agency€referred€to€in€subsection€(b)€of€thisÏsection€of€its€powers€under€any€Act€referred€to€in€that€subsection,€a€violation€of€any€requirementÏimposed€under€this€subchapter€shall€be€deemed€to€be€a€violation€of€a€requirement€imposed€underÏthat€Act.€In€addition€to€its€powers€under€any€provision€of€law€specifically€referred€to€inÏsubsection€(b)€of€this€section,€each€of€the€agencies€referred€to€in€that€subsection€may€exercise,€forÏthe€purpose€of€enforcing€compliance€with€any€requirement€imposed€under€this€subchapter€anyÏother€authority€conferred€on€it€by€law,€except€as€provided€in€subsection€(d)€of€this€section.ÌÌà@// ìàò òRules€and€Regulationsó óˆÐ #l! ÐÌà  à(d)€Neither€the€Commission€nor€any€other€agency€referred€to€in€subsection€(b)€of€thisÏsection€may€promulgate€trade€regulation€rules€or€other€regulations€with€respect€to€the€collectionÏof€debts€by€debt€collectors€as€defined€in€this€subchapter.ÌÌò òñ2ñà  àñ2ñðð€1692m.à0 ` àReports€to€Congress€by€the€Commission€[Section€815€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð¤(ô#'` (#` (# ÐÌà  à(a)€Not€later€than€one€year€after€the€effective€date€of€this€subchapter€and€at€one„yearÏintervals€thereafter,€the€Commission€shall€make€reports€to€the€Congress€concerning€theÏadministration€of€its€functions€under€this€subchapter,€including€such€recommendations€as€theÏCommission€deems€necessary€or€appropriate.€In€addition,€each€report€of€the€Commission€shallÐ D-”(, Ðinclude€its€assessment€of€the€extent€to€which€compliance€with€this€subchapter€is€being€achievedÏand€a€summary€of€the€enforcement€actions€taken€by€the€Commission€under€section€1692òòlóó€of€thisÐ œì Ðtitle.Ì€Ìà  à(b)€In€the€exercise€of€its€functions€under€this€subchapter,€the€Commission€may€obtainÏupon€request€the€views€of€any€other€Federal€agency€which€exercises€enforcement€functions€underÏsection€1692òòlóó€of€this€title.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌò òñ3ñà  àñ3ñðð€1692n.à0 ` àRelation€to€State€laws€[Section€816€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð `` (#` (# ÐÌà  àThis€subchapter€does€not€annul,€alter,€or€affect,€or€exempt€any€person€subject€to€theÏprovisions€of€this€subchapter€from€complying€with€the€laws€of€any€State€with€respect€to€debtÏcollection€practices,€except€to€the€extent€that€those€laws€are€inconsistent€with€any€provision€ofÏthis€subchapter,€and€then€only€to€the€extent€of€the€inconsistency.€€For€purposes€of€this€section,€aÏState€law€is€not€inconsistent€with€this€subchapter€if€the€protection€such€law€affords€any€consumerÏis€greater€than€the€protection€provided€by€this€subchapter.ÌÌò òñ4ñà  àñ4ñðð€1692òòoóó.à0 ` àExemption€for€State€regulation€[Section€817€of€Ô_ÔP.L.Ô_Ô]ó ó€Ð`°` (#` (# ÐÌà  àThe€Commission€shall€by€regulation€exempt€from€the€requirements€of€this€subchapter€anyÏclass€of€debt€collection€practices€within€any€State€if€the€Commission€determines€that€under€theÏlaw€of€that€State€that€class€of€debt€collection€practices€is€subject€to€requirements€substantiallyÏsimilar€to€those€imposed€by€this€subchapter,€and€that€there€is€adequate€provision€for€enforcement.Ì